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Authors Like Niccolò Machiavelli

On 10 December 1513, in a letter to his friend Francesco Vettori, Niccolò Machiavelli described his days on his farm at Sant'Andrea in Percussina, outside Florence: snaring birds in the morning, playing cards with the locals at the inn, and in the evening changing out of his muddy clothes to spend the hours with the writers of antiquity. Earlier that year he had been arrested on suspicion of plotting against the newly returned Medici and tortured with the strappado, after fourteen years as a secretary and diplomat of the Florentine Republic. The short book he was writing, The Prince, argued that a new ruler must be ready to act against conventional morality when the state requires it. It was published in 1532, five years after his death, and placed on the Church's Index of Forbidden Books in 1559. The ten writers below share his subject: power as it is actually used, not as it ought to be.

By Lisanne Swart · 10 authors · Political philosophy · Power · Updated October 2026


Quick answer

If you like Machiavelli, start with Thucydides, whose history of the war between Athens and Sparta looks at power with the same cold eye two thousand years earlier, and Francesco Guicciardini, his friend and sharpest critic. For the modern version, read Robert Caro's The Power Broker. Further down is the king who wrote a book to refute him, months before starting a war of his own.

10 authors like Niccolò Machiavelli

01
Power without illusions, 2,000 years earlier

Thucydides

Athenian · History of the Peloponnesian War (late 5th century BC)

Thucydides was an Athenian general who was exiled after failing to save the city of Amphipolis in 424 BC, and spent his exile writing a history of the war between Athens and Sparta. It is unfinished and breaks off in 411 BC. Its Melian Dialogue, in which Athenian envoys tell a small neutral island that justice only matters between equals in power, is one of the most quoted passages on power ever written.

The first writer to describe politics as Machiavelli did, by what states actually do rather than what they claim. Thomas Hobbes, further down this list, translated him into English.

— Lisanne
02
The Indian handbook for rulers

Kautilya

Indian · Arthashastra (date debated)

The Arthashastra is a Sanskrit treatise on statecraft covering taxation, law, diplomacy, espionage and war. It names its compiler as Kautilya; later tradition identifies him with Chanakya, adviser to the emperor Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC, but most modern scholars date the surviving text several centuries later and think it had more than one author. A manuscript was identified in Mysore in the early 1900s, and in 1919 Max Weber wrote that, compared with it, The Prince is harmless.

The great non-European counterpart to The Prince: advice to a ruler on keeping and expanding power, without sentiment. It is far longer and more practical, for readers who want the machinery of a state rather than the portrait of a ruler.

— Lisanne
03
The opposite advice, the same years

Erasmus

Dutch · The Praise of Folly (1511), The Education of a Christian Prince (1516)

Erasmus was born in Rotterdam or Gouda around 1466 and became the most famous scholar in Europe. The Education of a Christian Prince, written for the young future emperor Charles V and published in 1516, three years after Machiavelli wrote The Prince, argues that a ruler should be a model of Christian virtue and avoid war. He died in Basel in 1536.

The mirror image of The Prince: written in the same years, for the same kind of reader, with the opposite answer. Erasmus could not have known Machiavelli's book, which was not yet published, and that makes the contrast more telling.

— Lisanne
04
Advice for the people around the prince

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian · The Book of the Courtier (1528)

Castiglione was born near Mantua in 1478 and served as a courtier and diplomat. The Book of the Courtier imagines a series of evening conversations at the court of Urbino in 1507 about the ideal courtier, and coined the word sprezzatura, a studied ease that hides effort. He died in Toledo in 1529 while serving as papal envoy to Spain.

Machiavelli wrote for the prince; Castiglione wrote for the people around him. Both books are about performance and reputation at an Italian court, and the courtier's art of seeming suits readers interested in Machiavelli's advice on appearances.

— Lisanne
05
His friend and sharpest critic

Francesco Guicciardini

Florentine · Ricordi (written c. 1512–1530), The History of Italy (published 1561)

Guicciardini was born in Florence in 1483 and served the Medici popes as governor of papal cities and lieutenant-general of the papal army. He and Machiavelli were friends and corresponded until Machiavelli's death. In 1528 or 1530 he wrote Considerations on Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy, criticising his friend for turning examples into absolute rules. His History of Italy appeared in 1561, after his death in 1540.

The insider who argues with Machiavelli from the same city and the same experience. Guicciardini trusts rules less and judgement more, and his Ricordi, short maxims written over nearly twenty years, are a useful counterweight to reading The Prince as a system.

— Lisanne
06
Why anyone obeys at all

Thomas Hobbes

English · Leviathan (1651)

Hobbes was born in Wiltshire in 1588. He published an English translation of Thucydides in 1629, and wrote Leviathan in the aftermath of the English Civil War, arguing that without a strong sovereign human life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”, and that people therefore hand power to a ruler in exchange for security. He died in 1679.

Hobbes built a full theory of the state on the realism Machiavelli practised. Where The Prince gives advice to one ruler, Leviathan asks why anyone obeys a ruler at all.

— Lisanne
07
The king who wrote against him

Frederick the Great

Prussian · Anti-Machiavel (1740)

Frederick II of Prussia (1712–1786) drafted Anti-Machiavel, a chapter-by-chapter rebuttal of The Prince, before he became king; Voltaire revised it and saw it into print in September 1740, a few months after Frederick's accession. It argues that a king should serve his subjects' welfare and that Machiavelli's scheming princes came to bad ends. In December 1740 Frederick invaded the Austrian province of Silesia.

The ruler who argued against Machiavelli and then, within the year, acted like one of his princes. Reading Anti-Machiavel next to The Prince is the quickest way to see why the argument has never been settled.

— Lisanne
08
Machiavelli as a pluralist

Isaiah Berlin

British · “The Hedgehog and the Fox” (1953), “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958), “The Originality of Machiavelli” (1972)

Berlin was born in Riga in 1909, came to Britain as a child and spent his career at Oxford. In his essay “The Originality of Machiavelli” he argued that Machiavelli's real shock was not cynicism but his claim that the virtues of a good Christian and those of a good ruler cannot be reconciled, so that people must choose between them. He died in 1997.

The thinker who complicates the usual verdict on Machiavelli. Berlin reads him not as a teacher of evil but as one of the first writers to show that good values can conflict, an idea at the centre of Berlin's own thinking about liberty.

— Lisanne
09
Power watched at work

Robert Caro

American · The Power Broker (1974), Master of the Senate (2002)

Caro was born in New York in 1935 and worked as a newspaper reporter before spending seven years on The Power Broker, a biography of Robert Moses, the unelected official who reshaped New York with parks, bridges and highways. It won the Pulitzer Prize, as did Master of the Senate, the third volume of his life of Lyndon Johnson.

Caro studies power as Machiavelli did, by watching how real people in real offices gain it, use it and keep it. The Power Broker suits readers who want the lessons of The Prince shown at work in a modern city.

— Lisanne

Every book by Robert Caro →

10
The Prince, turned into rules

Robert Greene

American · The 48 Laws of Power (1998), Mastery (2012)

Greene was born in Los Angeles in 1959. The 48 Laws of Power sets out rules for gaining and keeping power, each illustrated with historical examples, and draws heavily on Machiavelli as well as Sun Tzu and the courtiers' handbooks of the 17th century. Many American prisons ban his books.

The popular modern descendant of The Prince, which turns Machiavelli's observations into rules for personal advantage. Read Machiavelli first: Greene leaves out the republican, civic side that the Discourses show.

— Lisanne

Every book by Robert Greene →

Where to start if you loved Niccolò Machiavelli

If you want the ancient version, read Thucydides.

The Melian Dialogue in Book 5 of his history is the place to begin.

If you want the argument against him, read Frederick the Great.

Anti-Machiavel (1740): a chapter-by-chapter reply from a future king.

If you want a friend's critique, read Francesco Guicciardini.

His Ricordi: short maxims from a man who held real power in the same years.

If you want power in a modern city, read Robert Caro.

The Power Broker (1974): how one unelected man reshaped New York.

If you have only read The Prince, try the Discourses on Livy (published 1531).

Machiavelli's longer book on how republics rise and survive, which shows his commitment to republican government.

Frequently asked questions about authors like Niccolò Machiavelli

Who writes like Machiavelli?

Thucydides and Kautilya wrote about power with the same realism long before him; Francesco Guicciardini and Thomas Hobbes continued the argument after him. Robert Caro and Robert Greene are the modern writers closest to his subject.

What should I read after The Prince?

Machiavelli's own Discourses on Livy, then the Melian Dialogue in Thucydides, then Frederick the Great's Anti-Machiavel (1740) for the case against him.

Is Robert Greene like Machiavelli?

Greene's The 48 Laws of Power (1998) draws heavily on Machiavelli and turns his observations into rules. Machiavelli writes about the state and about republics; Greene writes about personal advantage.

Was The Prince meant as satire?

Some readers, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argued that it was really a warning to republics. But Machiavelli dedicated it to Lorenzo de' Medici, and his letters show he hoped it would win him employment.

Why was The Prince banned?

The Catholic Church placed it on the Index of Forbidden Books in 1559, and Machiavelli's name became shorthand for amoral cunning.

Which Machiavelli book should I read first?

The Prince (written 1513, published 1532) is short and the obvious start. The Discourses on Livy are longer and show his republican side, and his comedy Mandragola shows that he was also funny.

Written by Lisanne Swart, who has curated reading lists and author guides at lisanneswart.com since 2021. Every comparison here is a judgement about method and subject, not an algorithmic match. See more on her personal bookshelf.
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