Author Guide · American Classics

Books Written by Harper Lee

Harper Lee published one novel and then, for fifty-five years, published nothing else. To Kill a Mockingbird looks at a Depression-era rape trial in Alabama through the eyes of a child, and uses that limited, clear-eyed narration to make the adult reader see the town's racism and moral cowardice with unusual precision. A second novel, Go Set a Watchman, surfaced only in 2015, months before her death, and complicated almost everything readers thought they understood about the first book's hero. This guide covers both books, her life, and the questions readers ask most.

By Lisanne Swart · 2 novels · Female authors · 1960–2015 · Updated September 2026


The shelf · 2 novels

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Quick answer

Harper Lee (1926–2016) wrote two published novels. To Kill a Mockingbird was published on July 11, 1960 by J. B. Lippincott and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961; it has sold more than 40 million copies. Go Set a Watchman was written first, set aside for decades, and published in July 2015. She was born Nelle Harper Lee in Monroeville, Alabama, on April 28, 1926, and died there on February 19, 2016, aged 89.

Where to Start with Harper Lee

If you have never read her
To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), and read it as an adult even if you read it at school.

If you have read Mockingbird and are curious about Watchman
→ Go in knowing it is an earlier draft, not a sequel, and that its Atticus is a deliberate complication of the one you know.

If you want to understand her silence
Furious Hours by Casey Cep (2019), about the book she tried and failed to write.

If you want more of the same world
→ My list of books like To Kill a Mockingbird.

Both Harper Lee Books, in Order

01
Fiction · Pulitzer Prize

To Kill a MockingbirdOn my shelf

Harper Lee · 1960

Scout Finch narrates the summers of her childhood in fictional Maycomb, Alabama, centred on her father Atticus's defence of Tom Robinson, a Black man falsely accused of raping a white woman. Lee builds the town's racial and moral order through a child's observation, half-understood and gradually clarified, which is exactly what makes the novel's indictment land as hard as it does. Published on July 11, 1960, it won the Pulitzer Prize the following year and has sold more than 40 million copies. Robert Mulligan filmed it in 1962 with Gregory Peck, who won an Academy Award as Atticus.

Read it as an adult even if you read it at school. Every scene is doing more than one thing at once, and you notice that only the second time.

— Lisanne
02
Fiction · Written first, published last

Go Set a Watchman

Harper Lee · 2015

Written before Mockingbird but set roughly twenty years after it, this novel follows an adult Scout returning to Maycomb and discovering that Atticus, the father she idolised, holds openly segregationist views. Lee's editor, Tay Hohoff, asked her to rework this draft into a novel about Scout's childhood instead, which became Mockingbird. The manuscript stayed in a safe-deposit box for decades and was published in July 2015, seven months before Lee died, under circumstances that remain disputed.

Read it as a documented earlier draft rather than a sequel. It genuinely recasts how you read Atticus, for better or worse.

— Lisanne

How Many Books Did Harper Lee Write?

Two published novels, and one she tried to write and never finished.

  • To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) — her only book for fifty-five years, and the one that won the Pulitzer. Read the entry →
  • Go Set a Watchman (2015) — written before Mockingbird, published last. Read the entry →
  • The Reverend — a true-crime book about an Alabama preacher suspected of several murders, which she researched in the late 1970s and never completed. Casey Cep tells that story in Furious Hours (2019).
  • Essays, not books — a few short pieces for magazines, and her uncredited research for Truman Capote's In Cold Blood. See the full list →

In What Order to Read Harper Lee

Read them in publication order, not in the order they were written. Go Set a Watchman came first on the page, but it assumes you already know Maycomb, and its effect depends entirely on your having met Atticus in Mockingbird.

The order
1. To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)
2. Go Set a Watchman (2015), if you want the complication

Why Harper Lee Wrote To Kill a Mockingbird

Almost everything in the novel comes from Monroeville, the small Alabama town where Lee grew up. Her father, A. C. Lee, was a lawyer who served in the state legislature and who, early in his career, defended two Black men accused of murder; he is the model for Atticus Finch. The boy next door, Truman Capote, became Dill. Lee was a tomboy who read early and constantly, which is most of Scout.

The trial itself is not a single true case. Readers often connect it to the Scottsboro Boys, nine Black teenagers falsely accused of rape in Alabama in 1931, and to cases her father knew, but Lee always described the novel as fiction drawn from the atmosphere of her childhood rather than from one event. She was writing in the late 1950s, as the civil rights movement gathered, about a town of the 1930s, and that double time signature is part of the book's power.

What she did next is the other half of the story. In 1949 she had moved to New York and worked as an airline ticket agent, writing in her spare time, until friends gave her a year's wages as a Christmas gift so she could write full time. After the novel's success she gave her last substantial interviews in 1964, helped Capote research In Cold Blood, started a true-crime book of her own and abandoned it, and published nothing more for half a century.

Everything Else Connected to Harper Lee

Two novels is the whole of her published fiction. This is the rest: the handful of essays she published, her work on Truman Capote's In Cold Blood, and the three books worth reading about her.

Open a form with the + to see every book in it.

Her shorter published writing

2

2 books · 1959–2006

  1. 1961–2006Essays and short piecesshe published a handful of essays, among them “Love—In Other Words” in Vogue (1961) and “Christmas to Me” in McCall's (1961), and a 2006 letter to O, The Oprah Magazine about reading
  2. 1959–66Work on In Cold Bloodshe travelled to Kansas with Truman Capote and did much of the interviewing for his book; she is credited in it but is not an author

Books about her

3

3 books · 2006–2019

Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee (2006)

By Charles J. Shields, the standard biography.

The Mockingbird Next Door: Life with Harper Lee (2014)

By Marja Mills, a journalist who lived next door to Lee and her sister; its authorisation was disputed by Lee.

Furious Hours: Murder, Fraud and the Last Trial of Harper Lee (2019)

By Casey Cep, on the true-crime book Lee tried and failed to write.

Quick facts about Harper Lee

Full name
Nelle Harper Lee; “Nelle” is her grandmother's name spelled backwards
Born
April 28, 1926, Monroeville, Alabama
Died
February 19, 2016, Monroeville, aged 89, in her sleep
Grew up
Monroeville, Alabama, the youngest of four children
Father
Amasa Coleman “A. C.” Lee, a lawyer and member of the Alabama state legislature, the model for Atticus Finch
Education
Huntingdon College, then the University of Alabama, which she left in 1949 without finishing her law degree; a term at Oxford
Books
2 novels: To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) and Go Set a Watchman (2015)
Childhood friend
Truman Capote, who lived next door and became the model for Dill; she later helped him research In Cold Blood
Awards
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1961); Presidential Medal of Freedom (2007)
Never married
She had no children and lived between New York and Monroeville, giving almost no interviews after 1964

Frequently asked questions about Harper Lee's books

Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird?

Harper Lee, born Nelle Harper Lee in Monroeville, Alabama, in 1926. It was her first novel, published by J. B. Lippincott on July 11, 1960, and it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961.

When was To Kill a Mockingbird published?

July 11, 1960, by J. B. Lippincott in the United States. Lee had been working on the manuscript since the mid-1950s, and her editor Tay Hohoff worked with her on it for about two years.

How many books did Harper Lee write?

Two published novels: To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) and Go Set a Watchman (2015). She also published a small number of magazine essays, and she researched a true-crime book about an Alabama preacher that she never finished.

When does To Kill a Mockingbird take place?

In the mid-1930s, during the Great Depression, over about three years in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama. Lee wrote it in the late 1950s, so the book looks back at the segregated South of her own childhood from the beginning of the civil rights era.

Who dies in To Kill a Mockingbird?

This gives away the ending. Tom Robinson, the man Atticus defends, is shot while trying to escape from prison after his conviction. Bob Ewell, who accused him, is killed during his attack on the Finch children. Mrs Dubose, the Finches' elderly neighbour, also dies during the novel.

Who is Harper Lee?

Harper Lee was an American novelist, born Nelle Harper Lee on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama, and known almost entirely for one book. She studied at Huntingdon College and the University of Alabama, moved to New York in 1949, and published To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960. She received the Pulitzer Prize in 1961 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007.

When and where was Harper Lee born?

April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama, where she also grew up and where she died. She was the youngest of four children of Amasa Coleman Lee, a lawyer, and Frances Cunningham Finch Lee.

When did Harper Lee die, and how?

She died on February 19, 2016, in Monroeville, at the age of 89. She died in her sleep; she had suffered a stroke in 2007 and lived in an assisted living facility in her final years.

Is Harper Lee still alive?

No. She died on February 19, 2016, aged 89, seven months after the publication of Go Set a Watchman.

Who was Harper Lee's childhood best friend?

Truman Capote, who as a boy was called Truman Persons and moved in next door to Lee in Monroeville in 1930 to live with relatives. He became the model for Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird, and Lee later travelled with him to Kansas and did much of the interviewing for In Cold Blood.

What was Harper Lee's education?

She attended school in Monroeville, then Huntingdon College in Montgomery for a year from 1944, then the University of Alabama, where she studied law and edited the humour magazine Rammer Jammer. She left in 1949 without completing the degree, after a term as an exchange student at Oxford.

Why did Harper Lee write To Kill a Mockingbird?

She drew on her own childhood in Monroeville: her father, a lawyer, became Atticus Finch, her neighbour Truman Capote became Dill, and she herself is most of Scout. She has said the novel is fiction rather than the retelling of one case, written in the late 1950s about the segregated Alabama of the 1930s. A gift of a year's wages from friends in 1956 allowed her to give up her job and write it.

Is Go Set a Watchman a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird?

Not exactly. It was written first, as an earlier draft featuring an adult Scout, before Lee's editor Tay Hohoff encouraged her to rework the material into a novel about Scout's childhood. It was set aside for decades and published in July 2015, so it is best read as an earlier draft rather than a true sequel.

Did Harper Lee want Go Set a Watchman published?

This remains disputed. The manuscript surfaced in 2015, shortly before Lee's death and after her sister and longtime gatekeeper Alice Lee had died, and questions were raised at the time about whether Lee, then in declining health, was fully able to consent to its release. An investigation by the state of Alabama found no evidence of elder abuse.

Why does Atticus Finch behave differently in Go Set a Watchman?

Because it was written as an earlier, separate draft rather than a sequel with continuity in mind. In it, an older Atticus holds segregationist views that contrast sharply with the moral hero of Mockingbird, which is why the book's publication was so unsettling for longtime readers.

Was Harper Lee racist?

The question usually comes from Go Set a Watchman, in which Atticus Finch expresses segregationist views. Those are a character's views in an early draft, not the author's. Lee grew up in the segregated South and wrote a novel that was, for its time, a sharp indictment of white Southern racism; the book has also been criticised since for telling that story through a white perspective and for its white-saviour framing. She rarely commented publicly on her own politics.

Was Harper Lee gay?

Lee never spoke publicly about her sexuality, and there is no confirmed information about it. She never married and had no children. Speculation has circulated for years, but it remains speculation, and she guarded her private life closely.

Was Harper Lee related to Robert E. Lee?

It is often claimed that she was a distant relative of the Confederate general Robert E. Lee, and the claim appears in many profiles, but it has never been documented and genealogists have not confirmed it. Treat it as an unverified piece of folklore.

What is Harper Lee most famous for?

To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), which won the Pulitzer Prize, has sold more than 40 million copies, is translated into more than forty languages, and is still taught in schools across the English-speaking world. The 1962 film adaptation won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch.

What are two memorable characters created by Harper Lee?

Atticus Finch, the small-town lawyer who defends Tom Robinson and became a twentieth-century model of moral courage, and Scout Finch, the child narrator whose voice carries the whole novel. Boo Radley, the reclusive neighbour, is a close third.

Footnotes

This list was not put together by a machine.
The notes are all mine,
and the books are all hers.

Lisanne x

Written by Lisanne Swart, who has curated reading lists and author guides at lisanneswart.com since 2021.
See more on her personal bookshelf.

From the bookshelf
“You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view.”

— Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)

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