Every Fiction and Nonfiction Winner of the Goodreads Choice Awards
No jury reads these books. No panel argues about them. The Goodreads Choice Awards are decided by whoever turns up to vote, and in 2025 that was 7,516,397 votes. The rules name no prize money and no medal — the winner gets a line on the cover and a spike in sales. The fiction category was once decided by five votes, and the nonfiction one, six years earlier, by a hundred and thirty-seven.
By Lisanne Swart · 34 winners since 2009 · Voted, not judged · All literary prizes · Last reviewed 25 September 2026
Every fiction and nonfiction winner · 2009 to 2025seventeen years, two categories
Click a title to read about that book further down ↓
Eligible booksPublished 12 Nov 2025 to 10 Nov 2026
Nominees and opening roundNot announced
Final roundNot announced
WinnersNot announced
Goodreads has published the eligibility window for 2026 and nothing else. Over the last five editions the opening round has begun between 11 and 16 November and the winners have been announced between 4 and 8 December, a little earlier each year. This page is updated when the dates are confirmed.
Quick answer
The Goodreads Choice Awards are an annual readers’ vote run by Goodreads, the book-cataloguing site Amazon has owned since 2013. They have run every year since 2009, which makes 2025 the seventeenth edition. There is no jury and no entry: Goodreads builds the ballot from what its members add, rate and review, and members then vote in two rounds in November. In 2025 My Friends by Fredrik Backman took fiction and Everything Is Tuberculosis by John Green took nonfiction, out of a record 7,516,397 votes cast across fifteen categories. Fiction and nonfiction are the two broadest categories and both have run in every edition since 2009. All thirty-four of their winners are on this page.
Quick facts about the Goodreads Choice Awards
First awarded
2009; the winners were announced on 8 January 2010
Run by
Goodreads, owned by Amazon since 2013
Decided by
An open vote of registered Goodreads members — no jury, no judges, no submissions
Prize money
None named in the rules. No cash, no medal — a badge on the book’s Goodreads page
Categories
Fifteen since 2023, down from twenty for most of the 2010s and twenty-two in 2011
Non-fiction categories
Three: nonfiction, memoir, history and biography. There were six in 2020
Oldest categories
Fiction and nonfiction have run since the first edition in 2009; memoir and history and biography since 2010
Rounds
Two since 2021: an opening round of twenty nominees, then a final round of ten
How books get on the ballot
Goodreads picks them from its own member data; a nominee needs an average rating of 3.50 or higher
Who can vote
Any registered member, one book per category per round. You do not have to have read it
Votes in 2025
7,516,397, the highest yet, across fifteen categories
Closest result
Five votes, in fiction, 2020
Latest winners
My Friends by Fredrik Backman and Everything Is Tuberculosis by John Green, announced 4 December 2025
Won the same category twice
John Green took nonfiction in 2021 and 2025, the only author to do it. Emily Henry has won romance five years running
Next winners
Not yet announced; December 2026 on the pattern of recent years
How this page chooses
Fiction and nonfiction are the two broadest categories on the ballot and both have run in every edition since 2009, so those are the two this page follows all the way through. The timeline at the top has all thirty-four winners, oldest first, and every title in it has its own entry further down the page in the same order. Memoir and history and biography, which started a year later, are listed in full further down, and so are the 2025 winners in every category.
Under each book is a line in red: a margin, another prize, a first, or a link to the relevant list elsewhere on this site. Nothing in it is a verdict on the book. What this page does not do is tell you these are the thirty-four best books of the last seventeen years. They are the thirty-four that the most Goodreads members voted for, which is a different thing, and the page says so where it matters.
All thirty-four winners, 2009 to 2025
Oldest first, and within each year fiction then nonfiction. The line in red under each book is a checkable fact, a margin or a pointer to somewhere else on this site — never a verdict on the book.
The shop links on this page go straight to the shop. They are not affiliate links and I earn nothing if you buy.
2009
PenguinMississippi, 1962
The Help
Kathryn Stockett
Three women in Jackson, Mississippi at the start of the civil rights years: two Black maids who raise white children and clean white houses, and a young white woman who decides to write down what they tell her. The book sold in enormous numbers and has been argued about ever since, largely over who gets to tell whose story.
The first Goodreads Choice Award ever given. That first vote ran over the Christmas holidays and closed on New Year’s Eve; the winners were announced on 8 January 2010.
Cullen covered the Columbine shooting as a reporter on the day and then spent ten years taking apart what everyone thought they knew about it: the trench coat mafia, the bullied outcasts, the girl who said yes. Almost none of it held up.
The first edition had thirteen categories and neither a memoir nor a history one. Nonfiction covered all of it, and a book about a school shooting won.
Jack is five and has lived his whole life in a single room with his mother, who had been held there seven years by the time he was five. He narrates it, so the reader works out what the room is long before he does, and the second half of the novel is about what happens when the world turns out to be bigger than the walls.
It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize the same year, which is rare for a Goodreads winner.
Henrietta Lacks died of cervical cancer in 1951 and her cells, taken without her knowledge, are still alive and still being grown in laboratories. Skloot spent a decade with her family, who could not afford health insurance while her cells were being sold around the world.
It won nonfiction and the debut category in the same year. Mockingjay took four that night, including favourite hero and favourite heroine, two prizes that were never given again.
Tokyo, 1984, or a version of it with two moons in the sky. A fitness instructor who also kills men, a maths teacher writing a novel, a religious cult and a set of rules that nobody explains. Nearly a thousand pages, and the two main characters barely meet.
Published in Japan in three volumes in 2009 and 2010; Knopf brought all three out in English as one book on 25 October 2011, which is the edition that won.
Robbins followed seven American high school students for a year — the loner, the gamer, the new girl, the popular one — to argue that the qualities that make you an outsider at seventeen are the ones that pay off at thirty.
The 2011 edition ran twenty-two book categories, the most it has ever had, and drew 638,603 votes.
A man dies and leaves a seat empty on the parish council of a small English town. The fight over who fills it opens up everything the town would rather not discuss: the estate on its edge, the addicts, the teenagers, the people who run things and the people things are done to.
Her first novel for adults, published five years after the last Harry Potter book. It is also on my list of the best books of 2012.
The case that Western schools and offices are built for the third of people they suit least, and that the preference for the fast, loud and social is a cultural habit rather than a fact about how good work happens.
A brother and sister are separated in rural Afghanistan in 1952, and the novel follows what that separation does to the people around them across sixty years and four countries. Each chapter belongs to a different character, and several of them never meet.
His third novel, after The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns.
Grandin, who is autistic and has spent her career designing livestock handling systems, goes through what brain imaging and genetics had by then established about autism, and through her own scans, with a science writer at her side.
The 2013 vote drew 1,953,770 ballots, the first year over a million and a half.
Georgie McCool stays in Los Angeles to write a television pilot while her husband takes the children to Omaha for Christmas. At her mother’s house she finds an old landline that connects her to her husband in 1998, before they married, and she has to decide what she would tell him.
The 2014 vote was the first to pass three million: 3,317,504 ballots, across twenty categories.
Nine stories and nine essays by a writer who was twenty-two. The title piece was written for the Yale graduation issue of the student paper and went around the world after she died in a car crash five days later.
It won by 137 votes: 19,793 against 19,656 for Randall Munroe’s What If?
Jean Louise Finch comes home to Maycomb, Alabama in her twenties and finds her father, Atticus, sitting on a citizens’ council. The book was written before To Kill a Mockingbird and reads like a first draft of a different argument, which is either the point or the problem depending on who you ask.
Written before To Kill a Mockingbird and published on 14 July 2015, fifty-five years after it.
A comedian and an NYU sociologist run focus groups and read the research on how people find each other now, and what the phone in the middle of it has done to waiting, choosing and settling.
One of only two years in the 2010s when the total vote fell, and the first: 3,007,748 against 3,317,504. The other was 2019.
Six adults and three children go to a neighbour’s barbecue in suburban Sydney. Something happens there, and the novel withholds what it was for two hundred pages while showing you what it did to every marriage in the garden.
3,550,346 votes were cast in 2016, when the awards still ran to twenty categories.
The libretto of the musical with Miranda’s own footnotes on every song, and a running account of how the show was made, from the mixtape he read about Alexander Hamilton on holiday to opening night.
52,925 of the 149,234 votes cast in the category — the largest tally Goodreads has published for a nonfiction winner up to that point; it has stopped publishing them for the later years. Matthew Desmond’s Evicted came fifth that year with 8,242, and won the Pulitzer the following spring.
A planned, orderly suburb of Cleveland, a family who have always lived by its rules, and an artist and her daughter who rent a room and do not. A custody case over a Chinese-American baby splits the town, and the novel opens with the family house on fire.
Ng’s second novel. The 2017 vote drew 3,887,950 ballots.
Fifty short chapters of advice on work, confidence and failure from a Canadian YouTuber who had built an audience of millions before she wrote a word of it.
One of a run of winners who arrived from television and the internet rather than from writing: Aziz Ansari in 2015, Singh in 2017, Rachel Hollis in 2019.
The third book about Louisa Clark, who takes a job in New York working for a wealthy couple and finds that the life she has been building for herself and the one she left behind do not fit together as neatly as she hoped.
This is the win critics reach for when they want to make the point about the awards. Ron Charles wrote at the time: “I don’t know any critics who have picked ‘Still Me’ as their favorite book of the year.”
McNamara spent years on the unsolved Californian rapes and murders of the 1970s and 1980s, and gave the man who did them the name that stuck: the Golden State Killer. She died in 2016 with the book unfinished; her researcher and a colleague completed it.
It took 46,472 of 249,235 votes in the category. Two months after publication, a suspect was arrested.
The sequel to The Handmaid’s Tale, told by three women: Aunt Lydia, who built much of Gilead and is now writing down what she knows, and two young women on either side of the border who do not know what they are to each other.
It won here by more than fifty thousand votes — 98,291 against 40,081 for the runner-up — and shared the Booker Prize that same autumn with Bernardine Evaristo’s Girl, Woman, Other.
The follow-up to Girl, Wash Your Face: excuses to let go of, behaviours to adopt and skills to acquire, from a writer who built her audience on Instagram.
Nora Seed, at the lowest point of her life, finds herself in a library between life and death where every book is a version of her life she did not live. She tries them, one after another, looking for the one that works.
It beat Fredrik Backman’s Anxious People by five votes out of 5,674,480 cast — the narrowest result in the awards’ history, by Goodreads’ own account.
Little, Brown Books for Young ReadersWritten for teenagers
Stamped
Jason Reynolds and Ibram X. Kendi
Reynolds rewrites Kendi’s Stamped from the Beginning for younger readers, keeping the argument — that racist ideas were invented to justify what was already being done — and losing the academic sentence.
A book for young readers winning the adult category. Kendi took two that year: this and picture books, for Antiracist Baby. Goodreads’ own page credits Reynolds alone.
Alice, a novelist who has had a breakdown, and Eileen, her oldest friend, write each other long emails about beauty, collapse and whether it is reasonable to care about a novel. Between the emails, the novel watches the two of them and the men they are involved with from the outside, like a camera.
The first year the awards ran without write-ins. Until 2020 a member could vote in the opening round for any eligible book, on the ballot or not; Goodreads dropped that and widened the ballot to twenty books instead.
Essays that review parts of the human-centred planet on a five-star scale: Halley’s Comet, Diet Dr Pepper, the QWERTY keyboard, sunsets. It began as a podcast and it is funnier and sadder than the premise suggests.
Green’s first of two wins in this category, and the only author to have won it twice.
Sam and Sadie meet as children in a hospital games room, fall out, meet again at university and build video games together for thirty years. It is a novel about collaboration and about the particular kind of love that is not romance, and the games are described well enough to play in your head.
The title is a line from Macbeth. The 2022 vote drew 5,779,854 ballots.
Brown maps eighty-seven emotions and experiences and argues that people cannot navigate what they cannot name — that most of us work with a handful of words for feelings we have dozens of.
The clearest case on this page of the award year not being the publication year: Random House published it on 30 November 2021, just inside the window for the 2022 awards.
June Hayward steals the unpublished manuscript of a dead friend, publishes it under a name that reads as ambiguously Asian, and narrates the whole thing herself — reasonably, plausibly, and with a logic you can follow all the way down.
It took over 200,000 votes in the category. The same year Goodreads added Romantasy and removed poetry, graphic novels and children’s books. It is also on my list of the best books of 2023.
Not an account of why poor Americans are poor but of who keeps them there: the subsidies, the zoning, the banking fees and the tax breaks that route money upward, and the people who benefit without noticing.
Desmond had come fifth in this category in 2016 with Evicted, which then won the Pulitzer.
Phoebe checks into a grand hotel in Newport, Rhode Island, intending to end her life, and finds the place booked out for someone else’s week-long wedding. The bride works out why she is there, and the two of them make an arrangement.
Espach’s third novel. The 2024 vote drew 6,261,936 ballots, a record at the time and beaten the year after.
Haidt argues that the collapse in adolescent mental health from around 2012 tracks the arrival of the smartphone and the loss of unsupervised play, and sets out four rules he thinks would reverse it.
He had made a related argument with Greg Lukianoff in The Coddling of the American Mind in 2018.
A teenager sees a famous painting in a gallery and recognises something in the three small figures on a pier at the edge of it. The novel goes back twenty-five years to the summer a group of friends spent by that water, and forward to what she does with what she finds out.
Backman had lost this category in 2020 by five votes. Goodreads pointed that out when he finally won it, out of a record 7,516,397 votes.
Green met a boy called Henry in a tuberculosis hospital in Sierra Leone and went looking for why a curable disease still kills over a million people a year. The answer turns out to be about money and attention rather than medicine.
Green’s second win in this category, the only author to do it, with the first book from an imprint Penguin Random House set up for him.
Nobody enters. Goodreads builds the opening ballot itself, from what its members have been adding, rating and reviewing all year: twenty books in each of fifteen categories, three hundred books in total. A nominee has to hold an average rating of 3.50 or higher when the round opens, only one book per series can stand in a category, and a book can appear in only one genre category — though it may also be nominated for debut novel or audiobook, which is how one title wins twice in a night.
Then it is a vote. Any registered member can cast one vote per category in the opening round, which runs for about a fortnight in November. The top ten in each category go through to a final round of five or six days, everyone votes again, and the winners are announced in the first days of December. You do not have to have read the book. You do not have to have read any of them.
The eligibility window is not a calendar year, which is the detail most write-ups get wrong. For the 2025 awards a book had to be published in the United States, in English, between 13 November 2024 and 11 November 2025. Translations count. That is why a book can win a Goodreads award in a year that is not its publication year, and why the last fortnight of any December is dead time that rolls into the next round.
What has changed since 2009
Three things, and each of them narrowed the prize.
The write-in round is gone. From at least 2012 until 2020 there were three rounds, and in the first of them a member could vote for any eligible book at all, on the ballot or not. The middle round then turned the five books with the most write-in votes in each category into official nominees, whatever their rating, and closed write-ins for good. That was the part of the process a reader could actually push on. It was dropped for the 2021 edition and the opening ballot went from fifteen books to twenty instead.
The categories have been cut. There were thirteen in 2009 and twenty for most of the 2010s. They fell to seventeen in 2021 and to fifteen in 2023, and the 2023 cut was the one people fought over: poetry, graphic novels and children’s and middle-grade books were all removed in the same year that Romantasy was added. The literary agent Faye Bender ran a petition to get children’s books and graphic novels back. Goodreads answered that the categories follow what its members are reading. Neither has returned. Audiobook took a slot in 2024 and humour lost one in the same year, so the count has stayed at fifteen.
And the name changed. The categories used to be called Best Fiction, Best Memoir, Best Horror. They are now Readers’ Favorite Fiction and so on, which is either a small honesty or a small retreat, depending on how you read it.
What the award is, and what it is not
It is not money. Goodreads’ rules name no cash prize and no medal; what happens on the day is that a blog post goes up and a badge appears on the book’s Goodreads page. What the winner gets is visibility, and Goodreads has published figures on what that is worth: when The Nightingale won in 2015, the number of people adding it to a shelf went from about 475 a day to about 9,300 on the day of the announcement, and it reached number one on the New York Times list after forty-three weeks on sale.
It is not judged. That is the point of it and also the whole of the criticism. Because the ballot is built from popularity and decided by popularity, the standing objection is that the results track what was marketed hardest as much as what was read most closely, and the winners do look nothing like a critics’ list. Book Riot, which follows the awards closely, counted that only about eleven per cent of all winners from 2009 to 2024 were authors of colour, that in the first five years the figure was under four per cent, and that the categories cut in 2023 were ones where authors of colour had been better represented.
And it is owned. Goodreads has belonged to Amazon since 2013, so the award with by far the most votes behind it is run by the largest bookseller in the world, on data that bookseller holds. That does not make the result dishonest, and I have seen no evidence that it is. It is worth knowing when you read “Goodreads Choice Award winner” on a cover.
Read it for what it is and it is genuinely useful: the clearest annual picture there is of what a very large number of people actually finished and liked. Just do not read it as a verdict.
Memoir, and history and biography, year by year
Two more non-fiction categories have run almost as long. Neither existed in 2009; both started with the 2010 edition and have run every year since. Memoir was called Memoir & Autobiography until 2023 and has been plain Memoir since. They are listed here rather than given entries of their own, because the two categories above are the ones that go all the way back.
Memoir
2010Unbearable Lightness, Portia de Rossi 2011Two Kisses for Maddy, Matthew Logelin 2012Wild, Cheryl Strayed 2013I Am Malala, Malala Yousafzai 2014This Star Won’t Go Out, Esther Earl 2015A Work in Progress, Connor Franta 2016When Breath Becomes Air, Paul Kalanithi 2017What Happened, Hillary Rodham Clinton 2018Educated, Tara Westover 2019Over the Top, Jonathan Van Ness 2020A Promised Land, Barack Obama 2021Crying in H Mart, Michelle Zauner 2022I’m Glad My Mom Died, Jennette McCurdy 2023The Woman in Me, Britney Spears 2024The Third Gilmore Girl, Kelly Bishop 2025The House of My Mother, Shari Franke
History and biography
2010The Tudors, G.J. Meyer 2011Steve Jobs, Walter Isaacson 2012Elizabeth the Queen, Sally Bedell Smith 2013Jim Henson: The Biography, Brian Jay Jones 2014The Romanov Sisters, Helen Rappaport 2015Dead Wake, Erik Larson 2016Leonard, William Shatner with David Fisher 2017The Radium Girls, Kate Moore 2018The Good Neighbor, Maxwell King 2019The Five, Hallie Rubenhold 2020Caste, Isabel Wilkerson 2021Empire of Pain, Patrick Radden Keefe 2022Bad Gays, Huw Lemmey and Ben Miller 2023The Wager, David Grann 2024The Bookshop, Evan Friss 2025How to Kill a Witch, Claire Mitchell and Zoe Venditozzi
Two of those agreed with a jury in the same year. Hallie Rubenhold’s The Five and Patrick Radden Keefe’s Empire of Pain each won the Baillie Gifford Prize for non-fiction in the year they won the readers’ vote here. Two others were published after their authors had died: Paul Kalanithi’s When Breath Becomes Air, and Esther Earl’s This Star Won’t Go Out, which she wrote as a teenager with cancer.
The non-fiction categories that were cut
In 2020 there were six non-fiction or non-fiction-adjacent categories: nonfiction, memoir and autobiography, history and biography, science and technology, food and cookbooks, and humour. There are now three.
Science and technology and food and cookbooks both went after 2020. Humour went after 2023, its last winner being Henry Winkler’s Being Henry. Poetry and graphic novels went after 2022, in the cut that produced the petition.
Food and cookbooks is worth a line on its own, because it shows the shape of the whole prize in miniature. Ree Drummond won it three times, Ina Garten twice and Chrissy Teigen twice; Gwyneth Paltrow took the first edition and Antoni Porowski of Queer Eye the 2019 one. Nine of its ten editions went to people who were on television first and in print second. The same pattern runs through the nonfiction winners above: a comedian in 2015, a YouTuber in 2017, an Instagram self-help writer in 2019. That is not an argument against the prize. It is what a prize measures when it measures how many people voted.
The 2025 winners in all fifteen categories
Announced on 4 December 2025, from 7,516,397 votes — the most the awards have had.
Fiction went to My Friends by Fredrik Backman. Historical fiction to Atmosphere by Taylor Jenkins Reid. Mystery and thriller to Not Quite Dead Yet by Holly Jackson. Romance to Great Big Beautiful Life by Emily Henry, her fifth win in that category in five years.
Romantasy and audiobook both went to Onyx Storm by Rebecca Yarros. Fantasy to Bury Our Bones in the Midnight Soil by V.E. Schwab. Science fiction to The Compound by Aisling Rawle. Horror to Witchcraft for Wayward Girls by Grady Hendrix.
Debut novel went to Alchemised by SenLinYu, a rewritten Harry Potter fan fiction that placed second in Romantasy on the same night. Young adult fantasy and science fiction to Sunrise on the Reaping by Suzanne Collins, and young adult fiction to Fake Skating by Lynn Painter.
Nonfiction went to Everything Is Tuberculosis by John Green. Memoir to The House of My Mother by Shari Franke, and history and biography to How to Kill a Witch by Claire Mitchell and Zoe Venditozzi.
Frequently asked questions about the Goodreads Choice Awards
What is the Goodreads Choice Award?
An annual readers’ vote run by Goodreads, held every year since 2009. There is no jury and no submission process: Goodreads assembles the ballot from its own member data and registered members vote in two rounds in November. Goodreads calls them “the only major book awards chosen by readers”.
Who won the Goodreads Choice Award for fiction in 2025?
Fredrik Backman, for My Friends. The winners were announced on 4 December 2025 from a record 7,516,397 votes across fifteen categories.
When are the 2026 Goodreads Choice Awards announced?
Goodreads has not announced the dates. All it has published is the eligibility window: books published between 12 November 2025 and 10 November 2026. Over the last five editions the opening round has begun between 11 and 16 November and the winners have been announced between 4 and 8 December, a little earlier each year. Early December 2026 is the pattern rather than a promise.
How does voting in the Goodreads Choice Awards work?
In two rounds. Goodreads nominates twenty books in each of fifteen categories, and any registered member can vote for one book per category in the opening round, which runs about a fortnight in November. The top ten in each category go through to a final round of five or six days. You do not have to have read the book you vote for.
Is there prize money for the Goodreads Choice Award?
No. The rules name no cash prize and no medal. The winner gets a badge on the book’s Goodreads page and a line on the cover. Goodreads has published figures showing what that visibility is worth in sales: after The Nightingale won in 2015, daily shelf additions rose from about 475 to about 9,300 on announcement day.
Why were categories removed from the Goodreads Choice Awards?
Goodreads cut poetry, graphic novels and children’s and middle-grade books for the 2023 edition while adding Romantasy, and said the categories follow what its members are reading. The literary agent Faye Bender ran a petition to have children’s books and graphic novels reinstated; neither has come back. In 2024 audiobook was added and humour dropped, so the count stayed at fifteen, against twenty for most of the 2010s.
Has a Goodreads Choice winner ever won a serious literary prize?
Yes, and in the same season. Margaret Atwood’s The Testaments won the 2019 Goodreads Choice Award for fiction by more than fifty thousand votes and shared the 2019 Booker Prize with Bernardine Evaristo’s Girl, Woman, Other. It is the exception rather than the pattern.
What was the closest Goodreads Choice Award ever?
The 2020 fiction category. Matt Haig’s The Midnight Library beat Fredrik Backman’s Anxious People by five votes out of 5,674,480 cast. Backman won the category himself five years later with My Friends.
Are the Goodreads Choice Awards just a popularity contest?
Largely, and Goodreads does not pretend otherwise — the ballot is built from what members add and rate, and the result is an open vote in which nobody has to have read anything. That makes it a good record of what a very large number of readers finished and liked, and a poor guide to what will still be read in twenty years. Both things are true at once.
Where should I start with the Goodreads Choice winners?
Every fiction and nonfiction winner has a full entry on this page, and the memoir and history winners are listed in full. If you want prizes decided by people who have read the books, my pages on the National Book Award and the Women’s Prize for Fiction cover every winner.
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
